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Network Working Group R. Zakon
Request for Comments: 2235 MITRE
FYI: 32 November 1997
Category: Informational
Hobbes' Internet Timeline
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) Robert H. Zakon and The Internet Society (1997).
All Rights Reserved.
1. Introduction
This document presents a history of the Internet in timeline fashion,
highlighting some of the key events and technologies which helped
shape the Internet as we know it today. A growth summary of the
Internet and some associated technologies is also included.
2. Hobbes' Internet Timeline
Excerpted from the author's copyrighted work of the same name. The
most current version of Hobbes' Internet Timeline is available at
http://info.isoc.org/guest/zakon/Internet/History/HIT.html
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1950s
1957
USSR launches Sputnik, first artificial earth satellite. In
response, US forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
within the Department of Defense (DoD) to establish US lead in
science and technology applicable to the military (:amk:)
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1960s
1962
Paul Baran, RAND: "On Distributed Communications Networks"
- Packet-switching (PS) networks; no single outage point
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RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997 1965 ARPA sponsors study on "cooperative network of time-sharing computers" - TX-2 at MIT Lincoln Lab and Q-32 at System Development Corporation (Santa Monica, CA) are directly linked (without packet switches) 1967 ACM Symposium on Operating Principles - Plan presented for a packet-switching network - First design paper on ARPANET published by Lawrence G. Roberts National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in Middlesex, England develops NPL Data Network under D. W. Davies 1968 PS-network presented to the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) 1969 ARPANET commissioned by DoD for research into networking - First node at UCLA, Network Measurements Center [SDS SIGMA 7, SEX] and soon after at: - Stanford Research Institute (SRI), NIC [SDS940/Genie] - UCSB, Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics [IBM 360/75, OS/MVT] - Univ of Utah, Graphics [DEC PDP-10, Tenex] - use of Information Message Processors (IMP) [Honeywell 516 mini computer with 12K of memory developed by Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) First Request for Comment (RFC): "Host Software" by Steve Crocker Univ of Michigan, Michigan State and Wayne State Univ establish X.25-based Merit network for students, faculty, alumni (:sw1:) --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1970s Store-and-forward networks - Used electronic mail technology and extended it to conferencing Zakon Informational [Page 2]
RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997 1970 ALOHAnet developed by Norman Abrahamson, Univ of Hawaii (:sk2:) - connected to the ARPANET in 1972 ARPANET hosts start using Network Control Protocol (NCP). 1971 15 nodes (23 hosts): UCLA, SRI, UCSB, Univ of Utah, BBN, MIT, RAND, SDC, Harvard, Lincoln Lab, Stanford, UIU(C), CWRU, CMU, NASA/Ames Ray Tomlinson of BBN invents email program to send messages across a distributed network. The original program was derived from two others: an intra-machine email program (SNDMSG) and an experimental file transfer program (CPYNET) (:amk:irh:) 1972 International Conference on Computer Communications with demonstration of ARPANET between 40 machines and the Terminal Interface Processor (TIP) organized by Bob Kahn. InterNetworking Working Group (INWG) created to address need for establishing agreed upon protocols. Chairman: Vinton Cerf. Telnet specification (RFC 318) 1973 First international connections to the ARPANET: University College of London (England) and Royal Radar Establishment (Norway) Bob Metcalfe's Harvard PhD Thesis outlines idea for Ethernet (:amk:) Bob Kahn poses Internet problem, starts internetting research program at ARPA. Vinton Cerf sketches gateway architecture in March on back of envelope in hotel lobby in San Francisco (:vgc:) Cerf and Kahn present basic Internet ideas at INWG in September at Univ of Sussex, Brighton, UK (:vgc:) File Transfer specification (RFC 454) 1974 Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication" which specified in detail the design of a Transmission Control Program (TCP). [IEEE Trans Comm] (:amk:) BBN opens Telenet, the first public packet data service (a commercial version of ARPANET) (:sk2:) Zakon Informational [Page 3]
RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997 1975 Operational management of Internet transferred to DCA (now DISA) "Jargon File", by Raphael Finkel at SAIL, first released (:esr:) Shockwave Rider written by John Brunner (:pds:) 1976 Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom sends out an e-mail (various Net folks have e-mailed dates ranging from 1971 to 1978; 1976 was the most submitted and the only found in print) UUCP (Unix-to-Unix CoPy) developed at AT&T Bell Labs and distributed with UNIX one year later. 1977 THEORYNET created by Larry Landweber at Univ of Wisconsin providing electronic mail to over 100 researchers in computer science (using a locally developed email system and TELENET for access to server). Mail specification (RFC 733) Tymshare launches Tymnet First demonstration of ARPANET/Packet Radio Net/SATNET operation of Internet protocols with BBN-supplied gateways in July (:vgc:) 1979 Meeting between Univ of Wisconsin, DARPA, NSF, and computer scientists from many universities to establish a Computer Science Department research computer network (organized by Larry Landweber) USENET established using UUCP between Duke and UNC by Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis, and Steve Bellovin. All original groups were under net.* hierarchy. First MUD, MUD1, by Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw at U of Essex ARPA establishes the Internet Configuration Control Board (ICCB) Packet Radio Network (PRNET) experiment starts with DARPA funding. Most communications take place between mobile vans. ARPANET connection via SRI. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Zakon Informational [Page 4]
RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997 1980s 1981 BITNET, the "Because It's Time NETwork" - Started as a cooperative network at the City University of New York, with the first connection to Yale (:feg:) - Original acronym stood for 'There' instead of 'Time' in reference to the free NJE protocols provided with the IBM systems - Provides electronic mail and listserv servers to distribute information, as well as file transfers CSNET (Computer Science NETwork) built by a collaboration of computer scientists and Univ of Delaware, Purdue Univ, Univ of Wisconsin, RAND Corporation and BBN through seed money granted by NSF to provide networking services (especially email) to university scientists with no access to ARPANET. CSNET later becomes known as the Computer and Science Network. (:amk,lhl:) Minitel (Teletel) is deployed across France by France Telecom. True Names written by Vernor Vinge (:pds:) 1982 DCA and ARPA establish the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, for ARPANET. (:vgc:) - This leads to one of the first definitions of an "internet" as a connected set of networks, specifically those using TCP/IP, and "Internet" as connected TCP/IP internets. - DoD declares TCP/IP suite to be standard for DoD (:vgc:) EUnet (European UNIX Network) is created by EUUG to provide email and USENET services. (:glg:) - original connections between the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, and UK External Gateway Protocol (RFC 827) specification. EGP is used for gateways between networks. 1983 Name server developed at Univ of Wisconsin, no longer requiring users to know the exact path to other systems. Cutover from NCP to TCP/IP (1 January) CSNET / ARPANET gateway put in place Zakon Informational [Page 5]
RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997 ARPANET split into ARPANET and MILNET; the latter became integrated with the Defense Data Network created the previous year. Desktop workstations come into being, many with Berkeley UNIX which includes IP networking software. Networking needs switch from having a single, large time sharing computer connected to the Internet at each site, to instead connecting entire local networks. Internet Activities Board (IAB) established, replacing ICCB Berkeley releases 4.2BSD incorporating TCP/IP (:mpc:) EARN (European Academic and Research Network) established. Very similar to the way BITNET works with a gateway funded by IBM. FidoNet developed by Tom Jennings. 1984 Domain Name System (DNS) introduced. Number of hosts breaks 1,000 JUNET (Japan Unix Network) established using UUCP. JANET (Joint Academic Network) established in the UK using the Coloured Book protocols; previously SERCnet. Moderated newsgroups introduced on USENET (mod.*) Neuromancer written by William Gibson 1985 Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link (WELL) started Information Sciences Institute (ISI) at USC is given responsibility for DNS root management by DCA, and SRI for DNS NIC registrations Symbolics.com is assigned on 15 March to become the first registered domain. Other firsts: cmu.edu, purdue.edu, rice.edu, ucla.edu (April); css.gov (June); mitre.org, .uk (July) 100 years to the day of the last spike being driven on the cross- Canada railroad, the last Canadian university is connected to BITNET in a one year effort to have coast-to-coast connectivity. (:kf1:) Zakon Informational [Page 6]
RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997 1986 NSFNET created (backbone speed of 56Kbps) - NSF establishes 5 super-computing centers to provide high-computing power for all (JVNC@Princeton, PSC@Pittsburgh, SDSC@UCSD, NCSA@UIUC, Theory Center@Cornell). - This allows an explosion of connections, especially from universities. NSF-funded SDSCNET, JVNCNET, SURANET, and NYSERNET operational (:sw1:) Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) comes into existence under the IAB. First IETF meeting held in January at Linkabit in San Diego The first Freenet (Cleveland) comes on-line 16 July under the auspices of the Society for Public Access Computing (SoPAC). Later Freenet program management assumed by the National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN) in 1989 (:sk2,rab:) Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) designed to enhance Usenet news performance over TCP/IP. Mail Exchanger (MX) records developed by Craig Partridge allow non-IP network hosts to have domain addresses. The great USENET name change; moderated newsgroups changed in 1987. BARRNET (Bay Area Regional Research Network) established using high speed links. Operational in 1987. 1987 NSF signs a cooperative agreement to manage the NSFNET backbone with Merit Network, Inc. (IBM and MCI involvement was through an agreement with Merit). Merit, IBM, and MCI later founded ANS. UUNET is founded with Usenix funds to provide commercial UUCP and Usenet access. Originally an experiment by Rick Adams and Mike O'Dell Email link established between Germany and China using CSNET protocols, with the first message from China sent on 20 September. (:wz1:) 1000th RFC: "Request For Comments reference guide" Number of hosts breaks 10,000 Zakon Informational [Page 7]
RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997 Number of BITNET hosts breaks 1,000 1988 2 November - Internet worm burrows through the Net, affecting ~6,000 of the 60,000 hosts on the Internet (:ph1:) CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team) formed by DARPA in response to the needs exhibited during the Morris worm incident. The worm is the only advisory issued this year. DoD chooses to adopt OSI and sees use of TCP/IP as an interim. US Government OSI Profile (GOSIP) defines the set of protocols to be supported by Government purchased products (:gck:) Los Nettos network created with no federal funding, instead supported by regional members (founding: Caltech, TIS, UCLA, USC, ISI). NSFNET backbone upgraded to T1 (1.544Mbps) CERFnet (California Education and Research Federation network) founded by Susan Estrada. Internet Relay Chat (IRC) developed by Jarkko Oikarinen (:zby:) First Canadian regionals join NSFNET: ONet via Cornell, RISQ via Princeton, BCnet via Univ of Washington (:ec1:) FidoNet gets connected to the Net, enabling the exchange of e-mail and news (:tp1:) Countries connecting to NSFNET: Canada (CA), Denmark (DK), Finland (FI), France (FR), Iceland (IS), Norway (NO), Sweden (SE) 1989 Number of hosts breaks 100,000 RIPE (Reseaux IP Europeens) formed (by European service providers) to ensure the necessary administrative and technical coordination to allow the operation of the pan-European IP Network. (:glg:) First relays between a commercial electronic mail carrier and the Internet: MCI Mail through the Corporation for the National Research Initiative (CNRI), and Compuserve through Ohio State Univ (:jg1,ph1:) Corporation for Research and Education Networking (CREN) is formed by merging CSNET into BITNET Zakon Informational [Page 8]
RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997 AARNET - Australian Academic Research Network - set up by AVCC and CSIRO; introduced into service the following year (:gmc:) Cuckoo's Egg written by Clifford Stoll tells the real-life tale of a German cracker group who infiltrated numerous US facilities CERT advisories: 7 Countries connecting to NSFNET: Australia (AU), Germany (DE), Israel (IL), Italy (IT), Japan (JP), Mexico (MX), Netherlands (NL), New Zealand (NZ), Puerto Rico (PR), United Kingdom (UK) --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1990s 1990 ARPANET ceases to exist Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is founded by Mitch Kapor Archie released by Peter Deutsch, Alan Emtage, and Bill Heelan at McGill Hytelnet released by Peter Scott (Univ of Saskatchewan) The World comes on-line (world.std.com), becoming the first commercial provider of Internet dial-up access ISO Development Environment (ISODE) developed to provide an approach for OSI migration for the DoD. ISODE software allows OSI application to operate over TCP/IP (:gck:) CA*net formed by 10 regional networks as national Canadian backbone with direct connection to NSFNET (:ec1:) The first remotely operated machine to be hooked up to the Internet, the Internet Toaster, (controlled via SNMP) makes its debut at Interop. CERT advisories: 12, reports: 130 Countries connecting to NSFNET: Argentina (AR), Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Brazil (BR), Chile (CL), Greece (GR), India (IN), Ireland (IE), Korea (KR), Spain (ES), Switzerland (CH) Zakon Informational [Page 9]
RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997 1991 Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX) Association, Inc. formed by General Atomics (CERFnet), Performance Systems International, Inc. (PSInet), and UUNET Technologies, Inc. (AlterNet), after NSF lifts restrictions on the commercial use of the Net (:glg:) Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS), invented by Brewster Kahle, released by Thinking Machines Corporation Gopher released by Paul Lindner and Mark P. McCahill from the Univ of Minnessota World-Wide Web (WWW) released by CERN; Tim Berners-Lee developer (:pb1:) PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) released by Philip Zimmerman (:ad1:) US High Performance Computing Act (Gore 1) establishes the National Research and Education Network (NREN) NSFNET backbone upgraded to T3 (44.736Mbps) NSFNET traffic passes 1 trillion bytes/month and 10 billion packets/month Defense Data Network NIC contract awarded by DISA to Government Systems Inc. who takes over from SRI in May Start of JANET IP Service (JIPS) which signalled the changeover from Coloured Book software to TCP/IP within the UK academic network. IP was initially 'tunnelled' within X.25. (:gst:) CERT advisories: 23 Countries connecting to NSFNET: Croatia (HR), Czech Repulic (CZ), Hong Kong (HK), Hungary (HU), Poland (PL), Portugal (PT), Singapore (SG), South Africa (ZA), Taiwan (TW), Tunisia (TN) 1992 Internet Society (ISOC) is chartered Number of hosts breaks 1,000,000 First MBONE audio multicast (March) and video multicast (November) RIPE Network Coordination Center (NCC) created in April to provide address registration and coordination services to the European Internet community (:dk1:) Zakon Informational [Page 10]
RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997 IAB reconstituted as the Internet Architecture Board and becomes part of the Internet Society Veronica, a gopherspace search tool, is released by Univ of Nevada World Bank comes on-line Japan's first ISP, Internet Initiative Japan (IIJ), is formed by Koichi Suzuki The term "Surfing the Internet" is coined by Jean Armour Polly (:jap:) Internet Hunt started by Rick Gates CERT advisories: 21, reports: 800 Countries connecting to NSFNET: Antarctica (AQ), Cameroon (CM), Cyprus (CY), Ecuador (EC), Estonia (EE), Kuwait (KW), Latvia (LV), Luxembourg (LU), Malaysia (MY), Slovakia (SK), Slovenia (SI), Thailand (TH), Venezuela (VE) 1993 InterNIC created by NSF to provide specific Internet services: (:sc1:) - directory and database services (AT&T) - registration services (Network Solutions Inc.) - information services (General Atomics/CERFnet) US White House comes on-line (http://www.whitehouse.gov/): - President Bill Clinton: president@whitehouse.gov - Vice-President Al Gore: vice-president@whitehouse.gov Worms of a new kind find their way around the Net - WWW Worms (W4), joined by Spiders, Wanderers, Crawlers, and Snakes ... Internet Talk Radio begins broadcasting (:sk2:) United Nations (UN) comes on-line (:vgc:) US National Information Infrastructure Act Businesses and media really take notice of the Internet Mosaic takes the Internet by storm; WWW proliferates at a 341,634% annual growth rate of service traffic. Gopher's growth is 997%. CERT advisories: 18, reports: 1300 Zakon Informational [Page 11]
RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997 Countries connecting to NSFNET: Bulgaria (BG), Costa Rica (CR), Egypt (EG), Fiji (FJ), Ghana (GH), Guam (GU), Indonesia (ID), Kazakhstan (KZ), Kenya (KE), Liechtenstein (LI), Peru (PE), Romania (RO), Russian Federation (RU), Turkey (TR), Ukraine (UA), UAE (AE), US Virgin Islands (VI) 1994 ARPANET/Internet celebrates 25th anniversary Communities begin to be wired up directly to the Internet (Lexington and Cambridge, MA, USA) US Senate and House provide information servers Shopping malls arrive on the Internet First cyberstation, RT-FM, broadcasts from Interop in Las Vegas The National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) suggests that GOSIP should incorporate TCP/IP and drop the "OSI-only" requirement (:gck:) Arizona law firm of Canter & Siegel "spams" the Internet with email advertising green card lottery services; Net citizens flame back NSFNET traffic passes 10 trillion bytes/month Yes, it's true - you can now order pizza from the Hut online WWW edges out telnet to become 2nd most popular service on the Net (behind ftp-data) based on % of packets and bytes traffic distribution on NSFNET Japanese Prime Minister on-line UK's HM Treasury on-line New Zealand's Info Tech Prime Minister on-line First Virtual, the first cyberbank, open up for business Radio stations start rockin' (rebroadcasting) round the clock on the Net: WXYC at Univ of NC, WJHK at Univ of KS-Lawrence, KUGS at Western WA Univ Trans-European Research and Education Network Association (TERENA) is formed by the merger of RARE and EARN, with representatives from 38 countries as well as CERN and ECMWF. TERERNA's aim is to Zakon Informational [Page 12]
RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997 "promote and participate in the development of a high quality international information and telecommunications infrastructure for the benefit of research and education" CERT advisories: 15, reports: 2300 Countries connecting to NSFNET: Algeria (DZ), Armenia (AM), Bermuda (BM), Burkina Faso (BF), China (CN), Colombia (CO), Jamaica (JM), Lebanon (LB), Lithuania (LT), Macau (MO), Morocco (MA), New Caledonia, Nicaragua (NI), Niger (NE), Panama (PA), Philippines (PH), Senegal (SN), Sri Lanka (LK), Swaziland (SZ), Uruguay (UY), Uzbekistan (UZ) 1995 NSFNET reverts back to a research network. Main US backbone traffic now routed through interconnected network providers The new NSFNET is born as NSF establishes the very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) linking super-computing centers: NCAR, NCSA, SDSC, CTC, PSC Hong Kong police disconnect all but 1 of the colony's Internet providers in search of a hacker. 10,000 people are left without Net access. (:api:) RealAudio, an audio streaming technology, lets the Net hear in near real-time Radio HK, the first 24 hr., Internet-only radio station starts broadcasting WWW surpasses ftp-data in March as the service with greatest traffic on NSFNet based on packet count, and in April based on byte count Traditional online dial-up systems (Compuserve, America Online, Prodigy) begin to provide Internet access A number of Net related companies go public, with Netscape leading the pack with the 3rd largest ever NASDAQ IPO share value (9 August) Thousands in Minneapolis-St. Paul (USA) lose Net access after transients start a bonfire under a bridge at the Univ of MN causing fiber-optic cables to melt (30 July) Zakon Informational [Page 13]
RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997 Registration of domain names is no longer free. Beginning 14 September, a $50 annual fee has been imposed, which up until now was subsidized by NSF. NSF continues to pay for .edu registration, and on an interim basis for .gov The Vatican comes on-line The Canadian Government comes on-line The first official Internet wiretap was successful in helping the Secret Service and Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) aprehend three individuals who were illegally manufacturing and selling cell phone cloning equipment and electronic devices Operation Home Front connects, for the first time, soldiers in the field with their families back home via the Internet. Richard White becomes the first person to be declared a munition, under the USA's arms export control laws, because of an RSA file security encryption program emblazoned on his arm (:wired496:) CERT advisories: 18, reports: 2412 Country domains registered: Ethiopia (ET), Cote d'Ivoire (CI), Cook Islands (CK) Cayman Islands (KY), Anguilla (AI), Gibraltar (GI), Vatican (VA), Kiribati (KI), Kyrgyzstan (KG), Madagascar (MG), Mauritius (MU), Micronesia (FM), Monaco (MC), Mongolia (MN), Nepal (NP), Nigeria (NG), Western Samoa (WS), San Marino (SM), Tanzania (TZ), Tonga (TO), Uganda (UG), Vanuatu (VU) Technologies of the Year: WWW, Search engines Emerging Technologies: Mobile code (JAVA, JAVAscript), Virtual environments (VRML), Collaborative tools 1996 Internet phones catch the attention of US telecommunication companies who ask the US Congress to ban the technology (which has been around for years) The controversial US Communications Decency Act (CDA) becomes law in the US in order to prohibit distribution of indecent materials over the Net. A few months later a three-judge panel imposes an injunction against its enforcement. Supreme Court unanimously rules most of it unconstitutional in 1997. 9,272 organizations find themselves unlisted after the InterNIC drops their name service as a result of not having paid their domain name fee Zakon Informational [Page 14]
RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997 Various ISPs suffer extended service outages, bringing into question whether they will be able to handle the growing number of users. AOL (19 hours), Netcom (13 hours), AT&T WorldNet (28 hours - email only) New Yorks' Public Access Networks Corp (PANIX) is shut down after repeated SYN attacks by a cracker using methods outlined in a hacker magazine (2600) Various US Government sites are hacked into and their content changed, including CIA, Department of Justice, Air Force MCI upgrades Internet backbone adding ~13,000 ports, bringing the effective speed from 155Mbps to 622Mbps. The Internet Ad Hoc Committee announces plans to add 7 new generic Top Level Domains (gTLD): .firm, .store, .web, .arts, .rec, .info, registrars worldwide. A malicious cancelbot is released on USENET wiping out more than 25,000 messages. The WWW browser war, fought primarily between Netscape and Microsoft, has rushed in a new age in software development, whereby new releases are made quarterly with the help of Internet users eager to test upcoming (beta) versions. Restrictions on Internet use around the world: - China: requires users and ISPs to register with the police - Germany: cuts off access to some newsgroups carried on Compuserve - Saudi Arabia: confines Internet access to universities and hospitals - Singapore: requires political and religious content providers to register with the state - New Zealand: classifies computer disks as "publications" that can be censored and seized - source: Human Rights Watch vBNS additions: Baylor College of Medicine, Georgia Tech, Iowa State Univ, Ohio State Univ, Old Dominion Univ, Univ of CA, Univ of CO, Univ of Chicago, Univ of IL, Univ of MN, Univ of PA, Univ of TX, Rice Univ CERT advisories: 27, reports: 2573 Zakon Informational [Page 15]
RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997 Country domains registered: Qatar (QA), Vientiane (LA), Djibouti (DJ), Niger (NE), Central African Republic (CF), Mauretania (MF), Oman (OM), Norfolk Island (NF), Tuvalu (TV), French Polynesia (PF), Syria (SY), Aruba (AW), Cambodia (KH), French Guiana (GF), Eritrea (ER), Cape Verde (CV), Burundi (BI), Benin (BJ) Bosnia-Hercegovina (BA), Andorra (AD), Guadeloupe (GP), Guernsey (GG), Isle of Man (IM), Jersey (JE), Lao (LA), Maldives (MV), Marshall Islands (MH), Mauritania (MR), Northern Mariana Islands (MP), Rwanda (RW), Togo (TG), Yemen (YE), Zaire (ZR) Technologies of the Year: Search engines, JAVA, Internet Phone Emerging Technologies: Virtual environments (VRML), Collaborative tools, Internet appliance (Network Computer) 1997 2000th RFC: "Internet Official Protocol Standards" 71,618 mailing lists registered at Liszt, a mailing list directory The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) is established to handle administration and registration of IP numbers to the geographical areas currently handled by Network Solutions (InterNIC), starting March 1998. Early in the morning of 17 July, human error at Network Solutions causes the DNS table for .com and .net domains to become corrupted, making millions of systems unreachable. Longest hostname registered with InterNIC: CHALLENGER.MED.SYNAPSE.UAH.UALBERTA.CA 101,803 Name Servers in whois database CERT advisories thus far: 23 Country domains registered: Falkland Islands (FK), East Timor (TP), Congo (CG), Christmas Island (CX), Gambia (GM), Guinea-Bissau (GW), Haiti (HT), Iraq (IQ), Lybia (LY), Malawi (MW), Martinique (MQ), Montserrat (MS), Myanmar (MM), French Reunion Island (RE), Seychelles (SC), Sierra Leone (SL), Sudan (SD), Turkmenistan (TM), Turks and Caicos Islands (TC), British Virgin Islands (VG) Technologies of the Year: Push, Multicasting Emerging Technologies: Push, Streaming Media [:twc:] --------------------------------------------------------------------- Zakon Informational [Page 16]
RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997 Growth Internet growth: Date Hosts | Date Hosts Networks Domains ----- --------- + ----- --------- -------- --------- 1969 4 | 07/89 130,000 650 3,900 04/71 23 | 10/89 159,000 837 06/74 62 | 10/90 313,000 2,063 9,300 03/77 111 | 01/91 376,000 2,338 08/81 213 | 07/91 535,000 3,086 16,000 05/82 235 | 10/91 617,000 3,556 18,000 08/83 562 | 01/92 727,000 4,526 10/84 1,024 | 04/92 890,000 5,291 20,000 10/85 1,961 | 07/92 992,000 6,569 16,300 02/86 2,308 | 10/92 1,136,000 7,505 18,100 11/86 5,089 | 01/93 1,313,000 8,258 21,000 12/87 28,174 | 04/93 1,486,000 9,722 22,000 07/88 33,000 | 07/93 1,776,000 13,767 26,000 10/88 56,000 | 10/93 2,056,000 16,533 28,000 01/89 80,000 | 01/94 2,217,000 20,539 30,000 | 07/94 3,212,000 25,210 46,000 | 10/94 3,864,000 37,022 56,000 | 01/95 4,852,000 39,410 71,000 | 07/95 6,642,000 61,538 120,000 | 01/96 9,472,000 93,671 240,000 | 07/96 12,881,000 134,365 488,000 | 01/97 16,146,000 828,000 | 07/97 19,540,000 1,301,000 Worldwide Networks Growth: (I)nternet (B)ITNET (U)UCP (F)IDONET (O)SI ____# Countries____ ____# Countries____ Date I B U F O Date I B U F O ----- --- --- --- --- --- ----- --- --- --- --- --- 09/91 31 47 79 49 02/94 62 51 125 88 31 12/91 33 46 78 53 07/94 75 52 129 89 31 02/92 38 46 92 63 11/94 81 51 133 95 -- 04/92 40 47 90 66 25 02/95 86 48 141 98 -- 08/92 49 46 89 67 26 06/95 96 47 144 99 -- 01/93 50 50 101 72 31 06/96 134 -- 146 108 -- 04/93 56 51 107 79 31 07/97 171 -- 147 108 -- 08/93 59 51 117 84 31 Zakon Informational [Page 17]
RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997 WWW Growth: Date Sites | Date Sites | Date Sites ----- ---------- + ----- ---------- + ----- ---------- 06/93 130 | 08/96 342,081 | 04/97 1,002,612 12/93 623 | 09/96 397,281 | 05/97 1,044,163 06/94 2,738 | 10/96 462,047 | 06/97 1,117,255 12/94 10,022 | 11/96 525,906 | 07/97 1,203,096 06/95 23,500 | 12/96 603,367 | 08/97 1,269,800 01/96 100,000 | 01/97 646,162 | 09/97 1,364,714 06/96 252,000 | 02/97 739,688 | 07/96 299,403 | 03/97 883,149 | USENET Growth: Date Sites ~MB ~Posts Groups | Date Sites ~MB ~Posts Groups ---- ----- --- ------ ------ + ---- ------- --- ------ ------ 1979 3 2 3 | 1987 5,200 2 957 259 1980 15 10 | 1988 7,800 4 1933 381 1981 150 0.05 20 | 1990 33,000 10 4,500 1,300 1982 400 35 | 1991 40,000 25 10,000 1,851 1983 600 120 | 1992 63,000 42 17,556 4,302 1984 900 225 | 1993 110,000 70 32,325 8,279 1985 1,300 1.0 375 | 1994 180,000 157 72,755 10,696 1986 2,200 2.0 946 241 | 1995 330,000 586 131,614 ~ approximate: MB - megabytes per day, Posts - articles per day --------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. Sources Hobbes' Internet Timeline was compiled from a number of sources, with some of the stand-outs being: Cerf, Vinton (as told to Bernard Aboba). "How the Internet Came to Be." This article appears in "The Online User's Encyclopedia," by Bernard Aboba. Addison-Wesley, 1993. Hardy, Henry. "The History of the Net." Master's Thesis, School of Communications, Grand Valley State University. http://www.ocean.ic.net/ftp/doc/nethist.html Hardy, Ian. "The Evolution of ARPANET email." History Thesis, UC Berkeley. http://server.berkeley.edu/virtual-berkeley/email_history Zakon Informational [Page 18]
RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997 Hauben, Ronda and Michael. "The Netizens and the Wonderful World of the Net." http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/netbook/ Kulikowski, Stan II. "A Timeline of Network History." (author's email below) Quarterman, John. "The Matrix: Computer Networks and Conferencing Systems Worldwide." Bedford, MA: Digital Press. 1990 "ARPANET, the Defense Data Network, and Internet". Encyclopedia of Communications, Volume 1. Editors: Fritz Froehlich, Allen Kent. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1991 Internet growth summary compiled from: - zone program reports maintained by Mark Lottor at: ftp://ftp.nw.com/pub/zone/ - connectivity table maintained by Larry Landweber at: ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/connectivity_table/ WWW growth summary compiled from: - Web growth summary page by Matthew Gray of MIT: http://www.mit.edu/people/mkgray/net/web-growth-summary.html - Netcraft at http://www.netcraft.com/survey/ USENET growth summary compiled from Quarterman and Hauben sources above, and news.lists postings. Lots of historical USENET postings also provided by Tom Fitzgerald (fitz@wang.com). Related Timelines: - DNS: http://www.wia.org/dns-law/pub/timeline.html" - JAVA: http://java.sun.com/events/jibe/timeline.html - BBN: http://www.bbn.com/timeline/ Additional books of interest: - "Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet" Katie Hafner & Matthew Lyon - "Architects of the Web: 1,000 Days That Built the Future of Business", Robert H. Reid - "Netizens: On the History and Impact of Usenet and the Internet", Michael Hauben et al Zakon Informational [Page 19]
RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997 4. Acknowledgements Contributors to Hobbes' Internet Timeline have their initials next to the contributed items in the form (:zzz:) and are: ad1 - Arnaud Dufour (arnaud.dufour@hec.unil.ch) amk - Alex McKenzie (mckenzie@bbn.com) dk1 - Daniel Karrenberg (Daniel.Karrenberg@ripe.net) ec1 - Eric Carroll (eric@enfm.utcc.utoronto.ca) esr - Eric S. Raymond (esr@locke.ccil.org) feg - Farrell E. Gerbode (farrell@is.rice.edu) gck - Gary C. Kessler (kumquat@hill.com) glg - Gail L. Grant (grant@glgc.com) gmc - Grant McCall (g.mccall@unsw.edu.au) gst - Graham Thomas (G.S.Thomas@uel.ac.uk) irh - Ian R Hardy (hardy@uclink2.berkeley.edu) jap - Jean Armour Polly (mom@netmom.com) jg1 - Jim Gaynor (gaynor@agvax.ag.ohio.state.edu) kf1 - Ken Fockler (fockler@hq.canet.ca) lhl - Larry H. Landweber (lhl@cs.wisc.edu) mpc - Mellisa P. Chase (pc@mitre.org) pb1 - Paul Burchard (burchard@cs.princeton.edu) pds - Peter da Silva (peter@baileynm.com) ph1 - Peter Hoffman (hoffman@ece.nps.navy.mil) rab - Roger A. Bielefeld (rab@hal.cwru.edu) sc1 - Susan Calcari (susanc@is.internic.net) sk2 - Stan Kulikowski (stankuli@uwf.bitnet) - see sources section sw1 - Stephen Wolff (swolff@cisco.com) tp1 - Tim Pozar (pozar@kumr.lns.com) twc - Thomas W. Creedon - K'o Wei Li (tcreedon@mitre.org) vgc - Vinton Cerf (vcerf@isoc.org) - see sources section wz1 - W. Zorn (zorn@ira.uka.de) zby - Zenel Batagelj (zenel.batagelj@uni-lj.si) 5. Security Considerations Security issues are not discussed in this document, though references are made to security events which have taken place. Zakon Informational [Page 20]
RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997 6. Author's Address Robert H. Zakon Internet Evangelist The MITRE Corporation 1820 Dolley Madison Blvd McLean, Virginia, USA 22102 Phone: (703) 883-7790 EMail: zakon@info.isoc.org 7. Disclaimer The views expressed in this document are the author's and are not intended to represent in any way The MITRE Corporation or its opinions on this subject matter. Zakon Informational [Page 21]
RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997 8. Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) Robert H. Zakon and The Internet Society (1997). All Rights Reserved. This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implmentation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English. The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Zakon Informational [Page 22]