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Network Working Group N. Williams
Request for Comments: 5178 Sun
Category: Standards Track A. Melnikov
Isode Ltd.
May 2008
Generic Security Service Application Program Interface (GSS-API)
Internationalization and Domain-Based Service Names and Name Type
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
This document describes domain-name-based service principal names and
the corresponding name type for the Generic Security Service
Application Programming Interface (GSS-API). Internationalization of
the GSS-API is also covered.
Domain-based service names are similar to host-based service names,
but using a domain name (not necessarily an Internet domain name) in
addition to a hostname. The primary purpose of domain-based names is
to provide a measure of protection to applications that utilize
insecure service discovery protocols. This is achieved by providing
a way to name clustered services after the "domain" which they
service, thereby allowing their clients to authorize the service's
servers based on authentication of their service names.
Williams & Melnikov Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 5178 GSS Domain-Based Names May 2008 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.1. Name Type OID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.2. Name Type OID and Symbolic Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Query and Display Syntaxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4.1. Examples of Domain-Based Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5. Internationalization (I18N) Considerations . . . . . . . . . . 5 5.1. Importing Internationalized Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5.2. Displaying Internationalized Names . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6. Application Protocol Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6.1. NFSv4 Domain-Wide Namespace Root Server Discovery . . . . . 6 6.2. LDAP Server Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Williams & Melnikov Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 5178 GSS Domain-Based Names May 2008 1. Introduction Some applications need to discover the names of servers for a specific resource. Some common methods for server discovery are insecure, e.g., queries for DNS [RFC1035] SRV resource records [RFC2782] without using DNSSEC [RFC4033], and are subject to attacks whereby a client can be re-directed to incorrect and possibly malicious servers. A client may even be re-directed to a server that has credentials for itself and thus may authenticate itself to the client, and yet it could be incorrect or malicious (because it has been compromised, say). Domain-based names allow for GSS-API [RFC2743] initiator applications (clients) to authorize acceptor principals (servers) to serve the resource for which the client used insecure server discovery without either securing the server discovery method or requiring an additional protocol for server authorization. That is, either a discovered server has credentials for authenticating the domain-based service names that it is intended to respond to, or it does not. Availability of valid credentials for authenticating domain-based names embodies the authorization of a given server to a domain-wide service. A domain-based name consists of three required elements: o a service name o a domain name o a hostname The domain name and the hostname should be Domain Name System (DNS) names, though domain-based names could be used in non-DNS environments. Because of the use of DNS names we must also provide for internationalization of the GSS-API. Note that domain-based naming isn't new. According to a report to the KITTEN WG mailing list, there exists at least one implementation of LDAP which uses domain-based service naming, and the DIGEST-MD5 HTTP / Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) mechanism [RFC2831] describes a similar notion. (See section 2.1.2 of [RFC2831] for a description of the "serv-name" field of the digest- response.) Williams & Melnikov Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 5178 GSS Domain-Based Names May 2008 2. Conventions Used in This Document The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. 3. IANA Considerations 3.1. Name Type OID The IANA has recorded the following new name-type OID in IANA's "SMI Security for Name System Designators Codes (nametypes)" registry: 5 gss-domain-based-services [RFC5178] 3.2. Name Type OID and Symbolic Name This document creates a new GSS-API name-type, with a symbolic name of "GSS_C_NT_DOMAINBASED_SERVICE" and this OID: {iso(1) org(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) nametypes(6) gss- domain-based(5)} 4. Query and Display Syntaxes There is a single name syntax for domain-based names. It is expressed using the ABNF [RFC5234]. The syntax is: domain-based-name = service "@" domain "@" hostname hostname = domain domain = sub-domain 1*("." sub-domain) sub-domain = Let-dig [Ldh-str] Let-dig = ALPHA / DIGIT Ldh-str = *( ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" ) Let-dig Where <service> is defined in Section 4.1 of [RFC2743]. Other rules not defined above are defined in Appendix B.1 of [RFC5234]. Williams & Melnikov Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 5178 GSS Domain-Based Names May 2008 4.1. Examples of Domain-Based Names These examples are not normative: o ldap@somecompany.example@ds1.somecompany.example o nfs@somecompany.example@nfsroot1.somecompany.example The .example top-level domain is used here in accordance with [RFC2606]. 5. Internationalization (I18N) Considerations We introduce new versions of GSS_Import_name() and GSS_Display_name() to better support Unicode. Additionally, we provide for the use of ASCII Compatible Encoding (ACE)-encoded DNS in the non- internationalized interfaces [RFC3490]. 5.1. Importing Internationalized Names When the input_name_type parameter is the GSS_C_NT_DOMAINBASED_SERVICE OID, then GSS_Import_name() implementations and GSS-API mechanisms MUST accept ACE-encoded internationalized domain names in the hostname and domain name slots of the given domain-based name string. Support for non-ASCII internationalized domain names SHOULD also be provided through a new function, GSS_Import_name_utf8(), that operates exactly like GSS_Import_name() (with the same input and output parameters and behavior), except that it MUST accept internationalized domain names both as UTF-8 strings and as ACE- encoded strings via its input_name_string argument. 5.2. Displaying Internationalized Names Implementations of GSS_Display_name() MUST only output US-ASCII or ACE-encoded internationalized domain names in the hostname and domain name slots of domain-based names (or mechanism names (MN) that conform to the mechanism's form for domain-based names). Support for non-ASCII internationalized domain names SHOULD also be provided through a new function, GSS_Display_name_utf8(), that operates exactly like GSS_Display_name() (with the same input and output parameters and behavior), except that it outputs UTF-8 strings via its name_string output argument. GSS_Display_name_utf8() MUST NOT output ACE-encoded internationalized domain names. Williams & Melnikov Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 5178 GSS Domain-Based Names May 2008 6. Application Protocol Examples The following examples are not normative. They describe how the authors envision two applications' use of domain-based names. 6.1. NFSv4 Domain-Wide Namespace Root Server Discovery Work is ongoing to provide a method for constructing domain-wide NFSv4 [RFC3530] filesystem namespaces where there is a single "root" with one or more servers (replicas) and multiple filesystems glued into the namespace through use of "referrals". Clients could then construct a "global" namespace through use of the DNS domain hierarchy. Here, clients would always know, from context, when they need to find the root servers for a given DNS domain. Root server discovery would be performed using DNS SRV RR lookups, without using DNSSEC where DNSSEC has not been deployed. When using RPCSEC_GSS [RFC2203] for security, NFSv4 clients would use domain-based names to ensure that the servers named in the SRV RRs are in fact authorized to be the NFSv4 root servers for the target domain. 6.2. LDAP Server Discovery LDAP clients using the GSS-API through SASL would also benefit from use of domain-based names to protect server discovery through insecure DNS SRV RR lookups, much as described above. Unlike NFSv4 clients, not all LDAP clients always know from context when they should use domain-based names. That's because existing clients may use host-based naming to authenticate servers discovered through SRV RR lookups. Changing such clients to use domain-based naming when domain-based acceptor credentials have not been deployed to LDAP servers, or when LDAP servers have not been modified to allow use of domain-based naming, would break interoperability. That is, there is a legacy server interoperability issue here. Therefore, LDAP clients may require additional configuration at deployment time to enable (or disable) use of domain-based naming. Note: whether SASL [RFC4422] or its GSS-API bridges [RFC4752] [GS2] require updates in order allow use of domain-based names is not relevant to the theory of how domain-based naming would protect LDAP clients' server discovery. Williams & Melnikov Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 5178 GSS Domain-Based Names May 2008 7. Security Considerations Use of GSS-API domain-based names may not be negotiable by some GSS- API mechanisms, and some acceptors may not support GSS-API domain- based names. In such cases, the initiators are left to fall back on the use of host-based names, so the initiators MUST also verify that the acceptor's host-based name is authorized to provide the given service for the domain that the initiator had wanted. The above security consideration also applies to all GSS-API initiators who lack support for domain-based service names. Note that, as with all service names, the mere existence of a domain- based service name conveys meaningful information that may be used by initiators for making authorization decisions; therefore, administrators of distributed authentication services should be aware of the significance of the service names for which they create acceptor credentials. 8. References 8.1. Normative References [RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2743] Linn, J., "Generic Security Service Application Program Interface Version 2, Update 1", RFC 2743, January 2000. [RFC2782] Gulbrandsen, A., Vixie, P., and L. Esibov, "A DNS RR for specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)", RFC 2782, February 2000. [RFC2831] Leach, P. and C. Newman, "Using Digest Authentication as a SASL Mechanism", RFC 2831, May 2000. [RFC3490] Faltstrom, P., Hoffman, P., and A. Costello, "Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)", RFC 3490, March 2003. [RFC5234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008. Williams & Melnikov Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 5178 GSS Domain-Based Names May 2008 8.2. Informative References [GS2] Josefsson, S., "Using GSS-API Mechanisms in SASL: The GS2 Mechanism Family", Work in Progress, October 2007. [RFC2203] Eisler, M., Chiu, A., and L. Ling, "RPCSEC_GSS Protocol Specification", RFC 2203, September 1997. [RFC2606] Eastlake, D. and A. Panitz, "Reserved Top Level DNS Names", BCP 32, RFC 2606, June 1999. [RFC3530] Shepler, S., Callaghan, B., Robinson, D., Thurlow, R., Beame, C., Eisler, M., and D. Noveck, "Network File System (NFS) version 4 Protocol", RFC 3530, April 2003. [RFC4033] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S. Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements", RFC 4033, March 2005. [RFC4422] Melnikov, A. and K. Zeilenga, "Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL)", RFC 4422, June 2006. [RFC4752] Melnikov, A., "The Kerberos V5 ("GSSAPI") Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) Mechanism", RFC 4752, November 2006. Authors' Addresses Nicolas Williams Sun Microsystems 5300 Riata Trace Ct. Austin, TX 78727 US EMail: Nicolas.Williams@sun.com Alexey Melnikov Isode Ltd. 5 Castle Business Village, 36 Station Road Hampton, Middlesex TW12 2BX United Kingdom EMail: Alexey.Melnikov@isode.com Williams & Melnikov Standards Track [Page 8]
RFC 5178 GSS Domain-Based Names May 2008 Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Intellectual Property The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79. Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www.ietf.org/ipr. The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org. Williams & Melnikov Standards Track [Page 9]